Table 1. Comparison of dimensionality reduction.

Technique	Reconstruction error	Neighborhood preservation	Visualization quality	Computational efficiency
PCA	0.21	Does not explicitly preserve neighborhood structure	May not capture nonlinear structure	Linear, computationally efficient
t-SNE	N/A	Strongly preserves local neighborhood structure	Can produce high-quality visualizations	Nonlinear, computationally expensive
Isomap	0.1238	Strongly preserves global structure and can capture complex nonlinear structure	Can produce high-quality visualizations	Nonlinear, computationally expensive
LLE	0.0523	Strongly preserves local neighborhood structure and can capture complex nonlinear structure	Can produce high-quality visualizations	Nonlinear, computationally efficient