Table 3. Key strategic approaches.

Strategy Case study Direction Considerations
Establishing clear vision and goals Estonia’s Digital Strategy 2030 Provides a roadmap for LLM and IPSA integration across all government services - Balance between long-term goals and short-term action plans- Flexible strategy considering the pace of technological advancement
Phased implementation approach U.S. General Services Administration’s AI Center of Excellence Starts with pilot projects and gradually expands - Importance of creating early success stories- Systematic recording and sharing of lessons learned
Promoting interdepartmental collaboration UK Government AI Lab Builds collaboration model among health, technology, and policy experts - Mechanisms for coordinating interdepartmental interests- Establishing joint performance evaluation frame- work
Continuous evaluation and improvement mechanisms Australian Taxation Office’s AI-based tax processing system Regular performance reviews and system updates - Development of objective evaluation indicators- Establishing systems for reflecting citizen feedback
Building data governance framework Denmark’s Basic Data Program Standardization of public sector databases - Data quality management processes- Enhancing personal information protection and security
Developing ethical AI usage guidelines Canada’s Directive on Automated Decision-Making Ensures fairness and transparency in AI-based administrative decisions - Mechanisms for preventing algorithmic bias- Introduction of explainable AI technologies
Talent cultivation and organizational culture innovation Singapore’s SkillsFuture for Digital Workplace AI and data literacy education for public sector employees - Fostering a culture of continuous learning- Introduction of innovation incentive systems